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Professor Jae Sung Lee continues to work on various emerging phenomena and important questions raised in physics via methodologies developed in statistical physics. One of his main interests is the stochastic thermodynamics of microscopic systems. Early studies in thermodynamics focused on macroscopic equilibrium constructs; however, new technologies and advanced experimental techniques have enabled a closer look at the thermodynamics of these systems at microscopic levels, such as that of cell-size biological systems. With a focus on fundamental thermodynamic principles such as the second law of thermodynamics and thermodynamic trade-off relations, which have received much attention during the last decade, he applies these principles to resolving the mechanisms and thermodynamic properties of microscopic heat engines, active-particle systems, and open quantum systems. In addition, his research interests also comprise a broad range of statistical physics phenomena, including the phase transitions of complex systems and the resistive switching behavior of resistive random access memory devices via dynamic percolation models.